Most of the participants were under the age of 44. ![]() We interviewed 3,402 adults across the nine provinces of South Africa between September and October 2021. These findings underscore a need for targeted and accessible interventions and counselling programmes. The socioeconomic and demographic determinants of mental illness also vary across the provinces. The prevalence of mental illness risk varies across the provinces. And more than half of South African adults have been exposed to adverse experiences in childhood and adolescence. Research done among informal settlement residents in 2021 found that nearly one in every five women reported moderate to severe levels of anxiety. According to a 2013 study, the prevalence of depression was highest in the Eastern Cape ( 31.4%) – one of the country’s poorest provinces. In 2009, nearly 20% of South African adults suffered from impaired mental health. That poverty and rural-urban differences are associated with mental health risk. This confirms what has previously been suggested. The characteristics that were significant in our study tend to be associated with relative poverty. Probable depression and probable anxiety were more frequently reported among adults who were: retired and older than 65 years widowed, divorced or separated living in metropolitan areas and with only primary school education. ![]() We also found that the symptoms of mental illness were more commonly reported by people with certain demographic characteristics.
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